Inequality & Racial Wealth Gap

1. Facundo Alvaredo, Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman.  “World Inequality Report 2018.”  The World Inequality Lab. 2018
2. Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman. “World Inequality Report 2022.” The World Inequality Lab. 2022
3. “Income Inequality.” Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 30 Jan 2025
4. “The State of the American Middle Class.” Pew Research Center.  31 May 2024
5. United States. Federal Reserve System. “The State of U.S. Wealth

Inequality.” 22 Oct 2024
6. Phil Gramm and Jodey Arrington. “Welfare is What’s Eating the Budget.” Wall Street Journal. 11 Sept 2024

7. Kimberly G. Noble, Suzanne M. Houston, Natalie H. Brito, Hauke Bartsch, Eric Kan, Joshua M. Kuperman, Natacha Akshoomoff, David G. Amaral, Cinnamon S.Bloss, Ondrej Libiger, Nicholas J. Schork, Sarah S. Murray, B.J. Casey, Linda Chang, Thomas M. Ernst, Jean A. Frazier, Jeffrey R. Gruen, David N.Kennedy, Peter Van Zijl, Stewart Mostofsky, Walter E. Kaufmann, Tal Kenet, Anders M. Dale, Terry L. Jernigan and Elizabeth R. Sowell. “Family Income, Parental Education and Brain Structure in Children and Adolescents.”  Nature Neuroscience.  30 Mar 2015
8. United States. Federal Reserve System. “Greater Wealth, Greater Uncertainty: Changes in Racial Inequality in the Survey of Consumer Finances, Accessible Data.” 31 Jan 2025
9. “Wealth Gains by Income and Racial/Ethnic Groups.” National Association of Realtors. April 2023
10.  Daniel Aaronson, Daniel Hartley and Bhaskar Mazumder.  “The Effects of the 1930s HOLC ‘Redlining’ Maps.”  Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.  3 Aug 2017 
11.  Jeremy S. Hoffman, Vivek Shandas and Nicholas Pendleton.  “The Effects of Historical Housing Policies on Resident Exposure to Intra-Urban Heat: A Study of 108 U.S. Urban Areas.”  13 Jan 2020
12. Allison Keyes. “The East St. Louis Race Riot Left Dozens Dead, Devastating a Community on the Rise.” Smithsonian Magazine. 30 June 2017

13. Nick Noel, Duwain Pinder, Shelley Stewart and Jason Wright. “The Economic Impact of Closing the Racial Wealth Gap.” McKinsey & Company. 13 Aug 2019
14. Shelley Stewart III, Michael Chui, James Manyika, JP Julien, Dame Vivian Hunt, Bob Sternfels, Lola Woetzel and Haiyang Zhang. “The Economic State of Black America: What Is and What Could Be.” McKinsey & Company. 17 June 2021
15. Jan Shelly Brown, Matthew Finney, Natasha Korgaonkar, Mark McMillan and Chris Perkins. “The Impact of Generative AI on Black Communities.” McKinsey & Company. 19 Dec 2023

16. JB Pritzker. Commencement Speech. Northwestern University. 12 June 2023

Empower Society

1.  Abraham Lincoln.  Message to Congress.  4 July 1861
2. United States. Department of Labor. “American Job Centers.” 31 Jan 2025
3. “About.” Bank On. 31 Jan 2025

The Butterfly Effect in Action

1. United States. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. “Data Point: Credit Invisibles.” May 2015
2. United States. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. “Who Are the Credit Invisibles?” December 2016
3. Lisa Rice & Deidre Swesnik. “Discriminatory Effects of Credit Scoring on Communities of Color.” National Fair Housing Alliance.  
4. United States. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. “What is a Payday Loan.” 28 May 2024
5. United States. Federal Reserve. “Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households in 2023.” May 2024
6. United States. Sentencing Commission. “2023 Demographic Differences in Federal Sentencing.” 14 Nov 2023
7. Olga Khazan. “Being Black in America Can Be Hazardous to Your Health.”  The Atlantic.  July/August 2018 Issue.